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Biomass gasification for green ammonia production in kraft mills, TAPPI Journal September 2026

ABSTRACT: As the global energy sector transitions toward net-zero emissions, kraft pulp mills present a compelling opportunity to produce green fuels and achieve net-negative emissions by capturing biogenic carbon, helping offset hard-to-abate sectors. This study explores the techno-economics of integrating biomass gasification for green ammonia production within kraft mills, using KraftSIM modeling to evaluate ammonia production, steam balance, emissions, and utility impacts. The proposed design enables energy and water system integration with the existing mill and allows for a gradual scale-up without disrupting the chemistry and operation of the recovery cycle. Across five scenarios representing different biomass gasification rates ranging from 100 to 1000 bone-dry metric tons per day (BDMT/d), the process yields ammonia at approximately 0.51 metric tons per bone-dry metric ton (t/ BDMT), while generating significant low- and medium-pressure steam and hot water that offset mill utility demands. The incineration of pressure swing adsorption tail gas and ammonia plant purge gas in the power boiler reduces biomass combustion and enhances power boiler efficiency. Economic analysis suggests a net revenue potential of approximately CA$380/BDMT, which could increase with the implementation of biogenic carbon pricing. Overall profitability is strongly influenced by biomass procurement costs, electricity prices, and prevailing green fuel and chemical market premium. This work outlines a practical, near-term decarbonization pathway for kraft mills by coupling green fuel production with potential opportunities for carbon removal.

Electric Energy Procurement: A New Challenge, 1998 Engineering Conference Proceedings

Electric Energy Procurement: A New Challenge, 1998 Engineering Conference Proceedings

Mercury Programs in the Great Lakes, 1999 Environmental Conference Proceedings

Mercury Programs in the Great Lakes, 1999 Environmental Conference Proceedings

Shape Characteristics of Non-Spherical Black Liquor Droplets, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Shape Characteristics of Non-Spherical Black Liquor Droplets, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Intermediate-Sized Particle (ISP) Formation During Black Liquor Droplet Combustion, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Intermediate-Sized Particle (ISP) Formation During Black Liquor Droplet Combustion, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Experience Of High Pressure And High Temperature Recovery Boilers For Two Decades, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Experience Of High Pressure And High Temperature Recovery Boilers For Two Decades, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Operation And Performance of the D Set Evaporator Train At Aracruz, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Operation And Performance of the D Set Evaporator Train At Aracruz, 2004 International Chemical Recovery Conference

Cost-Benefit Assessment of Black Liquor Gasifier/Combined Cycle Technology Integrated Into a Kraft Pulp Mill, 1998 International Chemical Recovery Conference Proceedings

Cost-Benefit Assessment of Black Liquor Gasifier/Combined Cycle Technology Integrated Into a Kraft Pulp Mill, 1998 International Chemical Recovery Conference Proceedings

Modeling of Kraft Liquors Properties and Applications to Process Simulations, 1998 International Chemical Recovery Conference Proceedings

Modeling of Kraft Liquors Properties and Applications to Process Simulations, 1998 International Chemical Recovery Conference Proceedings

Behaviour of Non-Process Elements in the Kraft Recovery System, 1998 International Chemical Recovery Conference Proceedings

Behaviour of Non-Process Elements in the Kraft Recovery System, 1998 International Chemical Recovery Conference Proceedings

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