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Journal articles
Open Access
Point load measurements on paperboard packages and bulging, TAPPI Journal March 2026

ABSTRACT: Paperboard packaging is made by processing board materials into sheets or rolls and shaping them through creasing, cutting, folding, and erecting. The conversion process generates residual moments at the folds that cause panel bulging. This study experimentally investigates how the bulging introduced during the converting processes influence the mechanical response of paperboard packages during point load testing within the elastic deformation range. The study shows that panel bulging may significantly affect packaging performance as-perceived strength and stiffness. Bulging, influenced by the board’s basis weight, can affect the package performance even more than packaging stiffness. Point load tests in the elastic region were performed on empty packages (78 mm × 50 mm × 110 mm) with force applied at specific points along their long sides. The packages evaluated in this study were made of two identically processed materials of different grammages. The heavier material showed more pronounced bulging than the lighter one, leading to overlapping force-displacement curves for the packages, and to that, a lower force and stiffness may be measured at a certain indentation depth for the package of heavier material. This complicates material choice according to functional requirements. The results show that a highly bulged package might resemble one with less bulging of another material. According to the results, it is not certain that a higher grammage package shows a higher indentation force and stiffness than a lower grammage package when measured at a certain indentation. This indicates that optimizing the creasing and folding processes can be a way to enhance performance rather than simply increasing board weight. The study underscores the importance of controlling converting parameters, especially creasing and folding behavior. Well-performed creasing and folding gives a low residual momentum, little bulging, and a high stiffness and compression strength at point loading in the elastic region. Proper optimization can improve packaging performance and manual handling user-friendliness.

Journal articles
Open Access
Combined effect of fiber fines and dissolved organics on tissue properties, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988 88APR141

Combined effect of fiber fines and dissolved organics on tissue properties, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Correlating the on-line measurement of ultrasonic velocity with strength properties, TAPPI JOURANL April 1988 88APR149

Correlating the on-line measurement of ultrasonic velocity with strength properties, TAPPI JOURANL April 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Measurement of strains in a paper tensile specimen using computer vision and digital image correlation-Part 2: Tensile specimen test, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988 88APR153

Measurement of strains in a paper tensile specimen using computer vision and digital image correlation-Part 2: Tensile specimen test, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Fourth press operation in Japan, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988 88APR83

Fourth press operation in Japan, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Energy savings through hot pressing, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988 88APR89

Energy savings through hot pressing, TAPPI JOURNAL April 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Automatic winder slitter positioning using a programmable logic controller, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

Automatic winder slitter positioning using a programmable logic controller, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Panel discussion: Vendor-led turnkey projects-pros and cons, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

Panel discussion: Vendor-led turnkey projects-pros and cons, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Planning a capital project, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

Planning a capital project, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

Journal articles
Open Access
Radiation-curable laminating adhesives, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

Radiation-curable laminating adhesives, TAPPI JOURNAL August 1988

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