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Journal articles
Open Access
Revisiting paper strength measurements or estimating combined board strength, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 2007

Revisiting paper strength measurements or estimating combined board strength, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 2007

Journal articles
Open Access
Comparative evaluation of the potential for wax-alternative packaging coatings, TAPPI JOURNAL, August 2005, Vol. 4(8) (548 KB)

Comparative evaluation of the potential for wax-alternative packaging coatings, TAPPI JOURNAL, August 2005, Vol. 4(8) (548 KB)

Journal articles
Open Access
Prioritization for an r&t program: tools that help to achieve consensus, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 2001, Vol. 84(7)

Prioritization for an r&t program: tools that help to achieve consensus, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 2001, Vol. 84(7)

Journal articles
Open Access
Presentation of a dry black liquor gasification process with direct causticization, TAPPI Journal March 2006

Presentation of a dry black liquor gasification process with direct causticization, TAPPI Journal March 2006

Journal articles
Open Access
Single-Site Catalyst Produced Polyolefin Plastomers for Extrusion Coating and Laminating, TAPPI JOURNAL, January 1999, Vol. 83(5)

Single-Site Catalyst Produced Polyolefin Plastomers for Extrusion Coating and Laminating, TAPPI JOURNAL, January 1999, Vol. 83(5)

Journal articles
Magazine articles
Open Access
Influence of pallet pattern on top-to-bottom compression performance of unitized loads, TAPPI Journal November 2021

ABSTRACT: Environmental scaling factors estimate a corrugated container’s ability to withstand various conditions it will encounter during the storage and distribution process. In this project, we examined the compressive resistance of unitized loads using differing pallet stacking patterns. To simulate real-world failure scenarios in our laboratory tests, we used two different nominal board grades of single-wall C-flute regular slotted containers loaded with a plywood panel and bagged salt to direct the failure location to the bottom of the stack. Our results showed that the columnar aligned pattern provided the greatest compressive resistance and the interlocked stacking arrangement yielded the lowest of the patterns evaluated. Based on the study results, we calculated box compression retention multipliers for each pattern and compared them to scaling factors published by the Fibre Box Association.

Journal articles
Open Access
Corrugated medium strength assessments in different flute structures, TAPPI Journal April 2026

ABSTRACT: Recent advancements in our ability to evaluate papers and our understanding of the mechanics of box failure have brought a renewed focus on measuring the performance of corrugated medium and an associated evolution of paper measurement approaches. This study evaluates the load curves, Hardness (where the fluted structure’s loading shifts away from an elastic response), and Concora medium crush test (CMT) values for a range of corrugated mediums in different common flute geometries. The shape of the load curve is a function of the geometry of the fluting profile and the relative stiffness of the paper, with smaller flutes and heavier papers reaching both the Hardness value and the ultimate load at lower deformation. Nonetheless, while the specific dynamics during the loading process vary, Hardness and CMT values correlate linearly between flute structures, even when testing specimens after different equilibration periods post-fluting. These correlations confirm the applicability of the standard A-flute CMT test to a broad range of papers and potential combined board flute structures, supporting quality assurance processes for medium production and optimization in corrugated board manufacturing.

Journal articles
Open Access
On the design of corrugated boards: A new FEM modeling and experimental validation, TAPPI Journal August 2025

ABSTRACT: This study presents a simplified finite element modeling (FEM) approach suitable for large structures made of corrugated boards, such as customized packages, based on a homogenization method, which is combined with correction factors for internal mechanisms. The homogenization process reduces computational time by transforming flute geometries into equivalent elastic models. In large deformations and in the presence of contact for a given geometry, the effective elastic modulus in the thickness direction, as well as the effective thickness of the structure, are corrected by two statistical Weibull distributions representing the contact and buckling mechanisms in a corrugated board. The Weibull parameters are obtained via experimental analysis, and such a process is then validated. The results demonstrate that the statistical parameters (â1 = 0.14, â2 = 1.31) can be used for the simplistic representation of corrugated boards, being computationally efficient. This research contributes to the optimization of corrugated packaging design, specifically by simplifying FEM models for faster, yet equally accurate, simulations.

Journal articles
Magazine articles
Open Access
Edge crush testing methods and box compression modeling, TAPPI Journal August 2022

ABSTRACT: While multiple test procedures have been developed to assess the inherent compressive strength of corrugated materials (edge crush test, ECT), limited work has explored the appropriateness of each in the context of box compression modeling. This study incorporates a variety of real-world samples, highlighting the varying challenges different ECT methods face in measuring the intrinsic compressive resistance of combined corrugated board. We examine each of these methods as inputs for different types of models, as well as discuss the propagation of measurement variation through the modeling effort. By highlighting the cases in which a given ECT method no longer proves to be an optimal parameter in box compression strength modeling, we explore how we might better measure this material property.

Journal articles
Magazine articles
Open Access
Influence of pallet pattern on top-to-bottom compression performance of unitized loads, TAPPI Journal

ABSTRACT: Environmental scaling factors estimate a corrugated container’s ability to withstand various conditions it will encounter during the storage and distribution process. In this project, we examined the compressive resistance of unitized loads using differing pallet stacking patterns. To simulate real-world failure scenarios in our laboratory tests, we used two different nominal board grades of single-wall C-flute regular slotted containers loaded with a plywood panel and bagged salt to direct the failure location to the bottom of the stack. Our results showed that the columnar aligned pattern provided the greatest compressive resistance and the interlocked stacking arrangement yielded the lowest of the patterns evaluated. Based on the study results, we calculated box compression retention multipliers for each pattern and compared them to scaling factors published by the Fibre Box Association.

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