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Journal articles
Magazine articles
Open Access
Black liquor evaporator upgrades— life cycle cost analysis, TAPPI Journal March 2021

ABSTRACT: Black liquor evaporation is generally the most energy intensive unit operation in a pulp and paper manufacturing facility. The black liquor evaporators can represent a third or more of the total mill steam usage, followed by the paper machine and digester. Evaporator steam economy is defined as the unit mass of steam required to evaporate a unit mass of water from black liquor (i.e., lb/lb or kg/kg.) The economy is determined by the number of effects in an evaporator train and the system configuration. Older systems use four to six effects, most of which are the long tube vertical rising film type. Newer systems may be designed with seven or even eight effects using falling film and forced circulation crystallization technology for high product solids. The median age of all North American evaporator systems is 44 years. Roughly 25% of the current North American operating systems are 54 years or older. Older systems require more periodic maintenance and have a higher risk of unplanned downtime. Also, older systems have chronic issues with persistent liquor and vapor leaks, shell wall thinning, corrosion, and plugged tubes. Often these issues worsen to the point of requiring rebuild or replacement. When considering the age, technology, and lower efficiency of older systems, a major rebuild or new system may be warranted. The intent of this paper is to review the current state of black liquor evaporator systems in North America and present a basic method for determining whether a major rebuild or new installation is warrant-ed using total life cycle cost analysis (LCCA).

Journal articles
Open Access
Deinking laser-print paper using ultrasound, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1994, Vol. 77(3)

Deinking laser-print paper using ultrasound, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1994, Vol. 77(3)

Journal articles
Open Access
An instrument to assess the biaxial stress during paper drying, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 1994, Vol. 77(5)

An instrument to assess the biaxial stress during paper drying, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 1994, Vol. 77(5)

Journal articles
Open Access
Activated sludge treatment of tmp mill effluents part 1: effluent characterization and treatability study, TAPPI JOURNAL, November 1994, Vol. 77(11)

Activated sludge treatment of tmp mill effluents part 1: effluent characterization and treatability study, TAPPI JOURNAL, November 1994, Vol. 77(11)

Journal articles
Open Access
Activated sludge treatment of tmp mill effluents part 2: biokinetic parameters and effluent treatment strategies, TAPPI JOURNAL, November 1994, Vol. 77(11)

Activated sludge treatment of tmp mill effluents part 2: biokinetic parameters and effluent treatment strategies, TAPPI JOURNAL, November 1994, Vol. 77(11)

Journal articles
Open Access
Effect of printer roll-quality requirements on winding technology, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1994, Vol. 77(10)

Effect of printer roll-quality requirements on winding technology, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1994, Vol. 77(10)

Magazine articles
Open Access
Dealing with localized corrosion of paper machine felt-roll journals, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1994, Vol. 77(10)

Dealing with localized corrosion of paper machine felt-roll journals, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1994, Vol. 77(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
Accurate determination of six common fillers in fine papers, newsprint, and recycled stock by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, TAPPI JOURNAL, April 1995, Vol. 78(4)

Accurate determination of six common fillers in fine papers, newsprint, and recycled stock by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, TAPPI JOURNAL, April 1995, Vol. 78(4)

Journal articles
Open Access
X-ray diffraction for quantifying calcium carbonate fillers in printing and writing papers, TAPPI JOURNAL, April 1995, Vol. 78(4)

X-ray diffraction for quantifying calcium carbonate fillers in printing and writing papers, TAPPI JOURNAL, April 1995, Vol. 78(4)

Magazine articles
Open Access
Chemical recovery conference emphasizes high solids firing and mill system closure, TAPPI JOURNAL, August 1995, Vol. 78(8)

Chemical recovery conference emphasizes high solids firing and mill system closure, TAPPI JOURNAL, August 1995, Vol. 78(8)

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