Search
Use the search bar or filters below to find any TAPPI product or publication.
Filters
Content Type
Publications
Level of Knowledge
Committees
Collections
Journal articles
Magazine articles
An analytical method to quantitatively determine the amount of polyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) in paperboard and white water, TAPPI Journal February 2023,
ABSTRACT: Polyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) is a permanent wet strength resin. When applied to paperboard, some amount of resin is retained in the sheet, and some is lost to the white water. An analytical method for quantifying the amount of PAE retained in the sheet and lost into the white water has been developed. This method hydrolyzes the PAE to adipic acid, which in turn is derivatized to diethyl adipate and quantified by pyrolysis gas chromatography•mass spectrometry (pyGCMS). In addition, the hydrolysis conditions of the PAE were studied by the Taguchi approach, and PAE material balances around the dry sheet and white water for 3 and 6 lb/ton PAE applications have been performed. The PAE resin recovery was 95.4% with 65.0% in the sheet for the 3 lb/ton PAE-charged paper-board, and the recovery was 96.7% with 36.1% in the sheet for the 6 lb/ton PAE-charged paperboard.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
New opportunities in the paper and nonwovens industries with foam-assisted web forming and chemical application, TAPPI Journal January 2023
ABSTRACT: Foam-assisted web forming and chemical application technologies have great potential to improve manufacturing efficiency and product quality in the paper and nonwovens industries. In this study, the benefits of foam forming and foam-assisted application of chemicals were demonstrated in a pilot machine trial. Uniform high-bulk webs of unrefined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and viscose fibers were manufactured by foam forming. It was shown that foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk viscose fiber webs can be strengthened by foam-assisted application of latex onto the wet web. Correspondingly, foam-assisted application of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and anionic polyacrylamide (A-PAM) improved the strength of the foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk BSKP web. Overall, the pilot machine results indicated that material cost savings could be achieved and a high-performance product could be manufactured with foam-based technologies.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
A discrete element method to model coating layer mechanical properties with bimodal and pseudo-full particle size distributions, TAPPI Journal July 2023
ABSTRACT: The mechanical properties of paper coating layers are important in converting operations such as calendering, printing, and folding. While several experimental and theoretical studies have advanced our knowledge of these systems, a particle level understanding of issues like crack-at-the-fold are lacking.A discrete element method (DEM) model is used to describe bending and tension deformations of a coating layer. The particles in the model are either bimodal distributions or pseudo-full particle size distributions of spherical particles. The impact of particle size distribution on the predicted mechanical properties of the coating layer is reported. Inputs to the model include properties of the binder film and the binder concentration. The model predicts crack formation as a function of these parameters and also calculates the modulus, the maximum stress, and the strain-to-failure. The simulation results are compared to previous experimental results. Reasonable predictions were obtained for both tensile and bending for a range of latex-starch ratios and at various binder concentrations. The influence of particle packing density on mechanical properties is reported.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
External fibrillation of wood pulp, TAPPI Journal June 2023
ABSTRACT: Pulp refining produces external fibrillation consisting of fibrils tethered to fiber surfaces, in addition to loose fibrils and fines. Both contribute to a larger bonding area that increases paper strength, but tethered fibrils have less likelihood of being washed out during papermaking. This study postulates the mechanism by which refining produces external fibrillation and the optimum conditions for doing so.The postulated mechanism is surface abrasion during sliding of fibers in refiner gaps. External fibrillation occurs when forces are great enough to partially dislodge fibrils from fiber surfaces, but not large enough to break the fibrils. The refining intensities to achieve these forces were determined by a mathematical model and experiments using a laboratory disc refiner. The optimum intensities in terms of specific edge load (SEL) for chemical pulps were about 0.1 J/m for hardwoods and 1.0 J/m for softwoods. An extension of this study suggested that abrasion may also account for most of the energy consumed in the mechanical pulping process.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Evaluating the effect of recovery boiler operation on green liquor dregs concentration using multivariate analysis, TAPPI Journal June 2023
ABSTRACT: Poor settling and filterability of green liquor dregs has been a persistent problem in many kraft pulp mills. While the concentration and settling/filtering behaviors of dregs are expected to be related to how black liquor is burned in recovery boilers, the effect of boiler operation is not well understood. A systematic study was conducted to examine how recovery boiler operation may affect the dregs concentration in the raw green liquor (RGL) at three kraft pulp mills using SIMCA, a multivariate data analysis (MVDA) program. Daily average boiler operating data from three kraft mills were analyzed over a 3-year period. Results of both principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLS) suggest that the main boiler operations contributing to high dregs concentrations in RGL are low liquor firing load, low bed temperature, poor char burning, and unstable char bed.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Water chemistry challenges in pulping and papermaking • fundamentals and practical insights: Part 2: Conductivity, charge, and hardness, TAPPI Journal June 2023
ABSTRACT: Although water is essential to the papermaking process, papermakers often overlook its importance and focus on fibers, fillers, and chemical additives. A better understanding of water properties and chemical interactions associated with water at the wet end leads to a sound foundation for high-quality paper production and smooth operation. Water is an excellent solvent for ionic substances, both organic and inorganic. These substances contribute to system conductivity, charge, and hardness and significantly impact the papermaking process. Part 1 of this paper, published in TAPPI J. 21(6): 313(2022), discussed fundamental water properties, water chemistry, and the impact of pH on pulping and papermaking operations. In this paper, we review definitions, sources, and the typical symptoms of the effect of conductivity, charge, and hardness on the productivity of the papermaking process. Sources of conductivity, charge, and hardness impacting these factors, measurement methods, and available correction strategies for their control are also discussed.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
A new approach for the preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from bamboo pulp through extremely low acid hydrolysis, TAPPI Journal January 2020
ABSTRACT: As a renewable and biodegradable nanomaterial, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has a wide range of potential applications, but production of CNC faces significant challenges in capital investment and manufacturing cost. In this work, the one-step preparation of CNC from bleached kraft bamboo pulp by extremely low acid (concen-tration of acid = 0.1 wt%) hydrolysis was demonstrated. The experimental data indicated that the yield of CNC was strongly affected by the operating pressure and concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl), as well as temperature. Rod-like CNC with a mean particle size of 524 nm was obtained through an extremely low acid (ELA) hydrolysis pro-cess. The yield of CNC can reach to 37.1% by an ELA hydrolysis process at 180°C for 60 min with 0.08 wt% HCl and 20 MPa operating pressure. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements show that the as-pre-pared CNC maintained cellulose structure. Compared with a conventional CNC prepared by strong sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis, the CNC prepared by ELA hydrolysis process exhibited much higher thermal stability.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Root cause analysis of cationic polymer additive efficiency decline in virgin and recycle containerboard mills, TAPPI Journal January 2020
ABSTRACT: It is well known that retention, drainage and strength polymers struggle to perform (if at all) in virgin containerboard mills. In-depth studies have been undertaken in this area for more than seven years, investigating the issue from all directions. A key finding of this work is that soluble lignin is detrimental to chemical efficiency. A strong correlation exists between decreased chemical efficiency and high soluble lignin. Both recycled systems and virgin systems have been studied, and this correlation holds true regardless of furnish. The primary area of concern is virgin container-board, because these mills tend to have the highest lignin levels. Some highly closed recycled mills can also build elevated lignin levels that can negatively affect chemical efficiency.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Combatting lime kiln ringing problems at the Arauco Constitución mill, TAPPI Journal July 2020
ABSTRACT: The lime kiln at the Arauco Constitución mill experienced severe ringing problems requiring it to be shut down for ring removal every 3 to 6 months. The mill controlled the problems by blasting ring deposits off during operation with its existing industrial shotgun and a newly installed Cardox liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) cartridge system. Various ring blasting procedures were tested to determine the optimum ring location and thickness to blast; the optimum depth to insert the CO2 cartridge into the kiln; and the most effective blasting frequency and sequence to employ. The best strategy was found to be the weekly blasting operation that alternated between the liquid CO2 cartridge and the industrial shotgun, with the CO2 cartridge inserted into the ring mass, 20 cm (8 in.) away from the refractory brick surface, and the shotgun aimed at rings at about 28 m (92 ft) from the kiln discharge end. With each blasting event removing considerably more rings than before, it takes a longer time for rings to rebuild, allowing the kiln to run continuously between annual maintenance shutdowns with only a few short (< 4 h) downtimes for ring removal. This substantially reduces the costs associated with ring removal and lime replacement during unscheduled shutdowns.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Case study: Paper mill power plant optimization—balancing steam venting with mill demand, TAPPI Journal June 2020
ABSTRACT: Most Power departments are tasked with generating steam to support mill wide operations, generate electricity, and reduce operating costs. To accomplish these tasks, power boilers generate high pressure steam that is reduced to intermediate and low pressures for process utilization in the mill by means of steam turbine generator extraction or pressure reducing valves. The most economical method to reduce steam pressure is the use of steam turbine generators, as electricity is generated from the steam when it is reduced in pressure. Electricity that is produced by these generators provides a substantial financial benefit and helps offset overall operational costs. To achieve tangible financial gains, the mill must evaluate the overall cost of steam production and the price of electricity.The current work provides a case study of power plant optimization that evaluated electricity production and steam production costs balanced with mill steam demand. Process and cost optimization led to a significant reduc-tion in low pressure steam venting, resulting in reduced fuel consumption and reduced operating cost.