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Journal articles
Open Access
Refining: Good practice for refining the types of fiber found in modern paper furnishes, February 1995 Tappi Journal [95Feb147.pdf]

Good practice for refining the types of fiber found in modern paper furnishes, TAPPI JOURNAL, February 1995, Vol. 78(2)

Journal articles
Open Access
Effects of fibers and fillers on the optical and mechanical characteristics of paper, TAPPI JOURNAL, February 1995, Vol. 78(2)

Effects of fibers and fillers on the optical and mechanical characteristics of paper, TAPPI JOURNAL, February 1995, Vol. 78(2)

Journal articles
Open Access
Applying enzymes and polymers to enhance the freeness of recycled fiber, TAPPI JOURNAL, February 1995, Vol. 78(2)

Applying enzymes and polymers to enhance the freeness of recycled fiber, TAPPI JOURNAL, February 1995, Vol. 78(2)

Journal articles
Open Access
Water uptake in newsprint during offset printing, TAPPI JOURNAL, January 1995, Vol. 78(1)

Water uptake in newsprint during offset printing, TAPPI JOURNAL, January 1995, Vol. 78(1)

Journal articles
Open Access
Superheated steam drying of paper: effect of sulfonation level, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1995, Vol. 78(7)

Superheated steam drying of paper: effect of sulfonation level, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1995, Vol. 78(7)

Journal articles
Open Access
Yankee dryer joint corrosion: cause, prevention, and repair, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1995, Vol. 78(7)

Yankee dryer joint corrosion: cause, prevention, and repair, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1995, Vol. 78(7)

Journal articles
Open Access
Reducing chlorinated organic compounds from bleached kraft mills through first stage substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1995, Vol. 78(6)

Reducing chlorinated organic compounds from bleached kraft mills through first stage substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1995, Vol. 78(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
Print-registration control in a rotogravure printing press combined with extrusion-coating or lamination processes, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1995, Vol. 78(3)

Print-registration control in a rotogravure printing press combined with extrusion-coating or lamination processes, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1995, Vol. 78(3)

Journal articles
Open Access
Separation of fiber and ash in deinking effluents: a case study, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 1995, Vol. 78(5)

Separation of fiber and ash in deinking effluents: a case study, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 1995, Vol. 78(5)

Journal articles
Magazine articles
Open Access
Economic and competitive potential of lignin-based thermoplastics using a multicriteria decision-making method, TAPPI Journal September 2022

ABSTRACT: As a result of new lignin extraction plants hatching and increasing volumes of technical lignin becoming available, a variety of lignin derivatives, including phenolic resins and polyurethane (PU) foams, are reaching the marketplace or being used as intermediate products in many industrial applications. In the spectrum of possible lignin derivatives, thermoplastics appear particularly attractive due to a symbiosis of market, policy, and technology drivers. To assess the preferredness for lignin-based thermoplastics, this paper adapted a risk-oriented methodology formerly applied to assess lignin usage in various applications (phenol-formaldehyde [PF] resins, PU foams, and carbon fiber applications) to the case of lignin-based thermoplastics using hydroxypropylated lignin (HPL) and miscible blends of lignin and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The HPL is considered for garbage bags and agricultural films applications, while lignin-PEO blends are used as replacement for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in applications such as automotive parts. In the methodology, two phased-implementation strategies were defined for each thermoplastic derivative, considering perspectives for profit maximization (90 metric tons/day integrated units) and revenue growth (350 metric tons/day overall capacity), which were considered for implementation within a softwood kraft pulping mill. A set of six criteria representative of the main economic and market competitiveness issues were employed, and their respective importance weights were obtained in a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) panel.Early-stage techno-economic estimates were done as a basis for the calculation of decision criteria. Compared to product derivatives previously assessed, capital investment for thermoplastic strategies appeared marginally higher due to the required lignin modification steps (on average 30% higher at similar capacity, and 6% for higher-scale revenue diversification strategies). Higher operating costs were also observed due to increased chemical expenses for all thermoplastic strategies, which are ultimately balanced by revenues associated with targeted thermoplastic products, leading to greater annual margins and cash flow generation over the project lifetime for thermoplastic strategies compared to other product applications (58% to 66% higher on average, at similar scale). Benefits of improved economics were reflected in economic criteria, internal rate of return (IRR), and cash flow on capital employed (CFCE), as well as in the price competitiveness criterion, CPC. Overall, the combination of relatively high lignin content in the plastic formulation and the less costly modification method contributed to lignin-PEO strategies, gaining the top two rankings. Based on their overall scores, both strategies defined for HPL would also integrate the group of “preferred” strategies, but are outranked by strategies that consider lignin positioning on PU foam applications.

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