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Journal articles
Magazine articles
Open Access
Black liquor evaporator upgrades— life cycle cost analysis, TAPPI Journal March 2021

ABSTRACT: Black liquor evaporation is generally the most energy intensive unit operation in a pulp and paper manufacturing facility. The black liquor evaporators can represent a third or more of the total mill steam usage, followed by the paper machine and digester. Evaporator steam economy is defined as the unit mass of steam required to evaporate a unit mass of water from black liquor (i.e., lb/lb or kg/kg.) The economy is determined by the number of effects in an evaporator train and the system configuration. Older systems use four to six effects, most of which are the long tube vertical rising film type. Newer systems may be designed with seven or even eight effects using falling film and forced circulation crystallization technology for high product solids. The median age of all North American evaporator systems is 44 years. Roughly 25% of the current North American operating systems are 54 years or older. Older systems require more periodic maintenance and have a higher risk of unplanned downtime. Also, older systems have chronic issues with persistent liquor and vapor leaks, shell wall thinning, corrosion, and plugged tubes. Often these issues worsen to the point of requiring rebuild or replacement. When considering the age, technology, and lower efficiency of older systems, a major rebuild or new system may be warranted. The intent of this paper is to review the current state of black liquor evaporator systems in North America and present a basic method for determining whether a major rebuild or new installation is warrant-ed using total life cycle cost analysis (LCCA).

Journal articles
Open Access
ISO brightness - a more complete definition, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1999, Vol. 82(10)

ISO brightness - a more complete definition, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1999, Vol. 82(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
Wet-end charge measurement using streaming current online titrators, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1999, Vol. 82(10)

Wet-end charge measurement using streaming current online titrators, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1999, Vol. 82(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
On the 'cutting edge', TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1999, Vol. 82(10)

On the 'cutting edge', TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1999, Vol. 82(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
Factors influencing the treatment of paper with fluorochemicals for oil repellency, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

Factors influencing the treatment of paper with fluorochemicals for oil repellency, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

Journal articles
Open Access
The top six forces shaping electrical distribution and management in the pulp and paper Industry, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

The top six forces shaping electrical distribution and management in the pulp and paper Industry, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

Journal articles
Open Access
Bed cooling following an esp, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

Bed cooling following an esp, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

Journal articles
Open Access
Critical pressure control of delamination in impulse drying, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1998, Vol. 81(7)

Critical pressure control of delamination in impulse drying, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1998, Vol. 81(7)

Journal articles
Open Access
Effect of hydrolyzed asa on sizing in calcium carbonate filled paper, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1998, Vol. 81(7)

Effect of hydrolyzed asa on sizing in calcium carbonate filled paper, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1998, Vol. 81(7)

Journal articles
Open Access
Effects of softwood morphology and chip thickness on pulping with a displacement kraft batch process, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1998, Vol. 81(7)

Effects of softwood morphology and chip thickness on pulping with a displacement kraft batch process, TAPPI JOURNAL, July 1998, Vol. 81(7)

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