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Journal articles
Open Access
Point load measurements on paperboard packages and bulging, TAPPI Journal March 2026

ABSTRACT: Paperboard packaging is made by processing board materials into sheets or rolls and shaping them through creasing, cutting, folding, and erecting. The conversion process generates residual moments at the folds that cause panel bulging. This study experimentally investigates how the bulging introduced during the converting processes influence the mechanical response of paperboard packages during point load testing within the elastic deformation range. The study shows that panel bulging may significantly affect packaging performance as-perceived strength and stiffness. Bulging, influenced by the board’s basis weight, can affect the package performance even more than packaging stiffness. Point load tests in the elastic region were performed on empty packages (78 mm × 50 mm × 110 mm) with force applied at specific points along their long sides. The packages evaluated in this study were made of two identically processed materials of different grammages. The heavier material showed more pronounced bulging than the lighter one, leading to overlapping force-displacement curves for the packages, and to that, a lower force and stiffness may be measured at a certain indentation depth for the package of heavier material. This complicates material choice according to functional requirements. The results show that a highly bulged package might resemble one with less bulging of another material. According to the results, it is not certain that a higher grammage package shows a higher indentation force and stiffness than a lower grammage package when measured at a certain indentation. This indicates that optimizing the creasing and folding processes can be a way to enhance performance rather than simply increasing board weight. The study underscores the importance of controlling converting parameters, especially creasing and folding behavior. Well-performed creasing and folding gives a low residual momentum, little bulging, and a high stiffness and compression strength at point loading in the elastic region. Proper optimization can improve packaging performance and manual handling user-friendliness.

Journal articles
Open Access
Influence of calendering conditions on paper surface characteristics a comparison between hard nip, soft nip, and extended soft nip calendaring

Influence of calendering conditions on paper surface characteristics a comparison between hard nip, soft nip, and extended soft nip calendaring

Journal articles
Open Access
Papermaking potential of hardwood pulps for decorative paper: a comparative study, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 2005, Vol. 4(9) (352 KB)

Papermaking potential of hardwood pulps for decorative paper: a comparative study, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 2005, Vol. 4(9) (352 KB)

Journal articles
Open Access
Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA), TAPPI JOURNAL, September 2005, Vol. 4(9) (216 KB)

Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA), TAPPI JOURNAL, September 2005, Vol. 4(9) (216 KB)

Journal articles
Open Access
Isolation of Residual Kraft Lignin in High Yield and Purity, JOURNAL OF PULP AND PAPER SCIENCE: VOL. 28 NO. 2 FEBRUARY 2002 [02FEBJP50.pdf]

Isolation of residual kraft lignin in high yield and purity, Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, February 2002, Vol. 28(2) (113KB)

Journal articles
Open Access
Reduction of pulp fiber accumulation in the header of uf modules, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

Reduction of pulp fiber accumulation in the header of uf modules, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

Journal articles
Open Access
Ultrafiltration of bleach plant filtrate when using evaporation condensate as washing liquor, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

Ultrafiltration of bleach plant filtrate when using evaporation condensate as washing liquor, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

Journal articles
Open Access
The use of ozone as a biocide in paper machine recycled white water, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

The use of ozone as a biocide in paper machine recycled white water, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

Journal articles
Open Access
Fluid transport into porous coating structures: some novel findings, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

Fluid transport into porous coating structures: some novel findings, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

Journal articles
Open Access
The influence of dynamic rheological behavior on final coating properties part 2- dynamic suspension rheology and coating structure consolidation, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

The influence of dynamic rheological behavior on final coating properties part 2- dynamic suspension rheology and coating structure consolidation, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2000, Vol. 83(5)

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