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Journal articles
Open Access
Point load measurements on paperboard packages and bulging, TAPPI Journal March 2026

ABSTRACT: Paperboard packaging is made by processing board materials into sheets or rolls and shaping them through creasing, cutting, folding, and erecting. The conversion process generates residual moments at the folds that cause panel bulging. This study experimentally investigates how the bulging introduced during the converting processes influence the mechanical response of paperboard packages during point load testing within the elastic deformation range. The study shows that panel bulging may significantly affect packaging performance as-perceived strength and stiffness. Bulging, influenced by the board’s basis weight, can affect the package performance even more than packaging stiffness. Point load tests in the elastic region were performed on empty packages (78 mm × 50 mm × 110 mm) with force applied at specific points along their long sides. The packages evaluated in this study were made of two identically processed materials of different grammages. The heavier material showed more pronounced bulging than the lighter one, leading to overlapping force-displacement curves for the packages, and to that, a lower force and stiffness may be measured at a certain indentation depth for the package of heavier material. This complicates material choice according to functional requirements. The results show that a highly bulged package might resemble one with less bulging of another material. According to the results, it is not certain that a higher grammage package shows a higher indentation force and stiffness than a lower grammage package when measured at a certain indentation. This indicates that optimizing the creasing and folding processes can be a way to enhance performance rather than simply increasing board weight. The study underscores the importance of controlling converting parameters, especially creasing and folding behavior. Well-performed creasing and folding gives a low residual momentum, little bulging, and a high stiffness and compression strength at point loading in the elastic region. Proper optimization can improve packaging performance and manual handling user-friendliness.

Journal articles
Open Access
Molecular weight characterization of wood pulp cellulose: dissolution and size exclusion chromatographic analysis, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Molecular weight characterization of wood pulp cellulose: dissolution and size exclusion chromatographic analysis, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
Determination of s2-fibril-angle and fiber-wall thickness by microscopic transmission ellipsometry, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Determination of s2-fibril-angle and fiber-wall thickness by microscopic transmission ellipsometry, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
High-barrier packaging with liquid crystal polymers, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

High-barrier packaging with liquid crystal polymers, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
High-performance hot melts for bonding polar and nonpolar substrates, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

High-performance hot melts for bonding polar and nonpolar substrates, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
Pulping Division holds its 50th conference, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Pulping division holds its 50th conference, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
Making the Internet work for you, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Making the internet work for you, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
Grenoble: A mecca for paper industry training and research, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Grenoble: a mecca for paper industry training and research, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
Stracel: A modern european mill in France, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Stracel: a modern european mill in france, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Journal articles
Open Access
The use of programmable logic controllers in paper mill load shed systems, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)

The use of programmable logic controllers in paper mill load shed systems, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)

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