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The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 1: The predictive nature of packing models on coating properties, TAPPI Journal November 2020
ABSTRACT: Hollow sphere pigments (HSPs) are widely used at low levels in coated paper to increase coating bulk and to provide gloss to the final sheet. However, HSPs also provide an ideal system through which one can examine the effect of pigment size and particle packing within a coating due to their unimodal and tunable particle sizes. The work presented in Part 1 and Part 2 of this study will discuss the use of blends of traditional inorganic pigments and HSPs in coating formulations across a variety of applications for improved coating strength. Part 1 of this study focuses on the theory of bimodal spherical packing and demonstrates the predictive nature of packing models on the properties of coating systems containing HSPs of two different sizes. This study also examines conditions where the model fails by examining the effect of particle size on coating strength in sytems like thermal paper basecoats where the non-HSP component has a broad particle size distribution, and how these surprising trends can be used to generate better-than-expected thermal printing performance in systems with low HSP/clay ratios. Part 2 of this study focuses on the incorporation of HSPs of different particle sizes into paperboard formulations to affect coating strength and opacity.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Quantification of the degree of preference for different tissue products based on a hand-felt tissue test panel, TAPPI Journal May 2023
ABSTRACT: In this study, we successfully established a quantification model to determine the preference (PF) for different tissue products based on the results of a hand-felt tissue testing panel. The panel ascertained that products designed with four-ply tissues provided higher total tensile strength (TTS) and hand-felt surface softness (HSS) than did those of the three-ply, two-ply, and single-ply products.When practically tested with a tissue softness analyzer (TSA), the four-ply tissue product had a softness (TSA-HF) advantage; however, in human panel tests, more than half of the participants could not be sure of the hand-felt bulk softness (HBS) of the four-ply tissue product. This was mainly because when using the four-ply tissue, the hand-held test pad gave an overall perception distinctly different from those of the hand-held two- or three-ply products, which also differed from the flattened state of test pieces used in the instrumental softness tests. Users could distinctly feel that a product was safer (better TTS) and more comfortable (higher hand-held surface softness). Thus, the four-ply tissue product was accorded a higher preference.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Research on flame-retardant paper prepared by the method of in-pulp addition of ammonium polyphosphate, TAPPI Journal May 2023
ABSTRACT: At present, the production of flame-retardant paper usually uses the impregnation method of phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants in paper. There are few reports on the application of an in-pulp addition method. In this paper, the solubility of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its effect on flame-retardant paper were investigated for use in an in-pulp addition method. It was found that APP particles were square, with an average particle size of 21.88 µm. The particle size decreased significantly after immersion in water at 25°C for 24 h. Furthermore, most of the APPs were dissolved after immersion in water at 90°C for 0.5 h, and the residuals agglomerated and their shape turned into an amorphous form. The APP possessed strong electronegativity and could partially ionize in water. The solubility of APP was 0.18 g/100 mL water at 25°C and increased quickly when the temperature was higher than 30°C. Therefore, APP should be added to the pulp at temperatures below 30°C. The tensile strength of the paper initially increased with the addition of APP, and it reached the maximum value when the APP content was 10% and then gradually decreased. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the paper was 28.7% when the added amount of APP was 30% and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was 0.08%, reaching the flame-retardant level.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Crossflow filtration of green liquor for increased pulp production, improved green liquor quality, and energy savings, TAPPI JOURNAL October 2020
ABSTRACT: A new green liquor filtration system has been installed and commissioned at the Ence pulp mill in Pontevedra, Spain. The filtration system is based on microfiltration and was developed in collaboration with the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. The patented method for efficient purification of green liquor decreases the non-process element (NPE) content by providing more efficient solids/liquid separation, reducing energy and chemical consumption in pulp mills and increasing production capacity by eliminating certain capacity bottlenecks. The process has been continuously tested at the Aspa Bruk Mill outside Askersund, Sweden, since 2013. The technology has proven to create nearly particulate-free green liquor during the purification process. The technology can also be used to polish white liquor to provide higher pulp quality.To provide for a simple and cost-effective installation, the system was designed as a skid-mounted unit that is pre-piped, instrumented, and tested before shipment. The system is modular and allows for easy expansion of capacity. This paper discusses the process design, process integration, and startup of the new system, along with experiences from the first months of operation.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Mechanical modification of softwood pulp fibers using a novel lightweight vertical bar plate, TAPPI Journal April 2021
ABSTRACT: Refiner plates made using sand casting have a draft angle, which results in a trapezoidal bar shape. These trapezoidal bar plates have a limited throughput compared to the vertical bar plates, and eventually the edges of the bars become dull, resulting in longer time to reach the target freeness and shorter service life. The new light-weight refiner plate with a bar insertion method into a plate base was developed by selecting an aluminium-based alloy as the plate base material and a stainless steel alloy with high wear resistance as the bar material. The light-weight plate with sharp bar edges was very effective in reducing refining energy by reaching the target freeness faster than the sand-cast bar plate. Finally, the lightweight sharp bar plate, which weighed only about half the weight of the cast bar plate, was expected to significantly contribute to easy replacement, improved paper quality, and larger throughput without excessive loss of fiber length.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Guest Editorial: Still working (overtime): Life-saving nonwovens and continued innovation, TAPPI Journal August 2021
ABSTRACT: Recently, the United States federal government has recommended the need for a booster shot to combat COVID-19, highlighting the highly contagious nature of its Delta variant. This variant is surging in countries as far apart as Thailand, Brazil, and the United States. While the availability of the vaccine is not an issue in the United States, African, Latin American, and South Asian countries are in dire need of the vaccine. This scenario necessitates the need for continued safety measures. Among the recommended safety measures, use of face masks has been proven to be effective. Recent analysis showed that two-thirds of the 32 states in the United States with face mask mandates found them helpful for lowering infection rates.
Journal articles
Water and grease resistance of paperboard coated with long chain cellulose fatty acid esters using electrostatic powder coating, TAPPI Journal April 2026
ABSTRACT: Fiber-based materials used for foodservice, takeaway, and other packaging applications must typically provide water and grease resistance. Simultaneously, there is growing interest towards bio-based and renewable barrier coatings. In this study we applied thermoplastic long chain fatty acid cellulose esters onto paperboard using electrostatic powder coating to create barrier properties of interest. Electrostatic powder coating provides a water-free process to tackle moisture-induced quality issues and to provide an even coating layer. Cellulose octanoate and palmitate esters were produced in pilot scale. These were ground into fine particles using liquid nitrogen and applied onto paperboard sheets using an electrostatic powder gun. The loosely packed coatings were fixed and fused onto the paperboard by hot pressing. We characterized the coated sheets for coating thickness, contact angles with water, water absorption, grease resistance (KIT), and olive oil barrier. Two commercial polyethylene powders were used as references. Our results indicated that the long chain cellulose fatty acid ester coatings were thermoplastic and hydrophobic with contact angles above 100°. Water absorption was similar to the reference coatings. While grease resistance was lower than with the references, the cellulose ester coatings slowed down diffusion of olive oil through the paperboard. Cellulose octanoate ester with a lower melt viscosity already provided smooth coatings after the initial hot pressing step, while in most cases, the second post hot pressing step further improved the barrier properties.
Journal articles
Optimization of energy efficiency and condensate production in evaporation plants for a modern softwood pulp mill, TAPPI Journal April 2026
ABSTRACT: To meet the need to further improve thermal efficiency and environmental performance of kraft pulp mills, new systems and techniques have been developed within the evaporation plant. This paper describes these novel approaches and how they were implemented in a project completed in 2018 for a new evaporator and condensate treatment system supplied by Valmet at the SCA Östrand market pulp mill in Sweden. This project was part of a stepwise upgrade of the complete mill to increase the production capacity of the mill from 430,000 to 900,000 air-dried metric tons/year (ADt/y). As part of this upgrade, the mill had the objectives to increase the energy efficiency of the pulp mill and to minimize the air emissions as much as possible, the effluent volume, and the water usage in the mill. The mill also wanted to have the disposal of the biosludge in the black liquor, and the production of tall oil from black liquor soap, liquid methanol, and turpentine. This required that the new evaporation and condensate treatment system be very closely integrated into the other process departments of the mill, including integration of the hot weak black liquor flash vapor from the digester directly into the evaporator train and the production of multiple streams of clean evaporation plant condensate at the correct temperature for the bleach plant. Heat and mass balance calculation values, which were found to do very well in predicting the effect on actual mill operation, are also presented in this paper.
Journal articles
Assessing lignin content in Nordic hardwood and softwood species using models based on near-infrared (NIR) spectral data and partial least squares regression (PLSR), TAPPI Journal September 2025
ABSTRACT: Continuous kraft cooking digesters face challenges affecting product quality, making it valuable to improve control through advanced techniques like near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, model predictive control, and machine learning models. The primary goal of this study was to use NIR spectra to predict the amount of lignin in hardwood and softwood samples. This study investigated the correlation of NIR derivative spectra with the amounts of lignin relative to other constituents, namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and water, in wood chip samples of varying chip sizes and shapes from six Nordic wood species. It employed partial least squares regression (PLSR) on the NIR data to construct a model that predicted the lignin fraction and the relative fraction of acid-soluble lignin. When trained on a group of five wood species, the model achieved a satisfactory predictive ability, striking a balance between a wide range of lignin content and a consistent chemical environment. The accuracy increased further when the model was restricted only to spruce and pine, reflecting the benefits of a more homogenous dataset. Additionally, the optimal number of latent variables was identified as two, indicating that three distinct chemical components — cellulose, lignin and water — can be effectively differentiated using NIR.
Journal articles
Local delamination in pharmaceutical blister packages • A thermomechanical theory on buckling of heat-sealed composite laminates in flexible packaging, TAPPI Journal July 2025
ABSTRACT: Pharmaceutical blister packages consist of cavities made from a thick polymeric form foil and a thin aluminum lid foil. Heat-sealing technology is usually used to bond the lid foil to the form foil. Occasionally, the sealed area shows buckling defects of the lid foil, which allow contamination to enter into the cavity. A contaminated product is a worst-case scenario for pharmaceutical production and must be avoided. We discuss a thermomechanical theory on buckling defects in blister packages and derive strategies to avoid these. The theory is based on the assumption that the seal of a blister packaging behaves like a laminate of thin composite layers under compressive load. Literature research on buckling of thin laminated films, thermal behavior of polymers, and seal strength of heat-sealed polymers provides the technical and physical background to elaborate the theory. The theory comprises three elements: an initial condition regarding thermal load and precedent defects; a buckling condition; and a crack propagation condition. The plausibility of the theory is verified using model calculations and heat-seal tests. The paper concludes with strategies against buckling of heat-sealed lid foils and an outlook on other applications in laminating and coating of polymer films.