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Experiments and visualization of sprays from beer can and turbo liquor nozzles, TAPPI Journal February 2022

ABSTRACT: Industrial scale swirl-type black liquor nozzles were studied using water as the test fluid. Simple water spraying experiments were found to be very beneficial for studying and comparing nozzles for black liquor spraying. These kinds of experiments are important for finding better nozzle designs. Three nozzle designs were investigated to understand the functional differences between these nozzles. The pressure loss of nozzle 1 (“tangential swirl”) and nozzle 3 (“turbo”) were 97% and 38% higher compared to nozzle 2 (“tan-gential swirl”). Spray opening angles were 75°, 60°, and 35° for nozzles 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Video imaging showed that the nozzles produced sprays that were inclined a few degrees from the nozzle centerline. Spray patter-nation showed all the sprays to be asymmetric, while nozzle 2 was the most symmetric. Laser-Doppler measure-ments showed large differences in spray velocities between nozzles. The spray velocity for nozzle 1 increased from 9 m/s to 15 m/s when the flow rate was increased from 1.5 L/s to 2.5 L/s. The resulting velocity increase for nozzle 2 was from 7 m/s to 11 m/s, and for nozzle 3, it was from 8 m/s to 13 m/s. Tangential flow (swirl) directed the spray 6°•12° away from the vertical plane. Liquid sheet breakup mechanisms and lengths were estimated by analyzing high speed video images. The liquid sheet breakup mechanism for nozzle 1 was estimated to be wave formation, and the sheet length was estimated to be about 10 cm. Sheet breakup mechanisms for nozzle 2 were wave formation and sheet perforation, and the sheet length was about 20 cm. Nozzle 3 was not supposed to form a liquid sheet. Nozzle geometry was found to greatly affect spray characteristics.

Decarbonization: Shaping the Pulp and Paper Industry’s Low-Carbon Future, Paper360º January/February 2026

How will integrated gasification impact kraft pulping and chemical recovery, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

How will integrated gasification impact kraft pulping and chemical recovery, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1999, Vol. 82(9)

Pulp bleaching and deinking pilot plants use chlorine-free processes, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

Pulp bleaching and deinking pilot plants use chlorine-free processes, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)

A reliable method to improve fabric life, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)

A reliable method to improve fabric life, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)

Predicting boiler emissions with neural networks, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 1997, Vol. 80(5)

Predicting boiler emissions with neural networks, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 1997, Vol. 80(5)

Photographic life-prediction matrix for forming fabrics, TAPPI JOURNAL, November 1997, Vol. 80(11)

Photographic life-prediction matrix for forming fabrics, TAPPI JOURNAL, November 1997, Vol. 80(11)

Recycling 'low value' post-consumer fibers to improve quality and reduce costs, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1997, Vol. 80(9)

Recycling 'low value' post-consumer fibers to improve quality and reduce costs, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1997, Vol. 80(9)

1998 international chemical recovery conference, TAPPI JOURNAL, December 1998, Vol. 81(12)

1998 international chemical recovery conference, TAPPI JOURNAL, December 1998, Vol. 81(12)

English as a first and second language - part 7: a strategy for spelling, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1998, Vol.81(10)

English as a first and second language - part 7: a strategy for spelling, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1998, Vol.81(10)