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Journal articles
Enzymatic pretreatments of nonwoody plants for pulp and paper production, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
Enzymatic pretreatments of nonwoody plants for pulp and paper production, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
Journal articles
Significance of xylan and glucomannan in the brightness reversion of kraft pulps, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
Significance of xylan and glucomannan in the brightness reversion of kraft pulps, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
Journal articles
Paprispec: A system for monitoring plastic contaminants in pulp, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
Paprispec: a system for monitoring plastic contaminants in pulp, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
Journal articles
The French pulp and paper industry in review, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
The french pulp and paper industry in review, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 1997, Vol. 80(6)
Journal articles
Capitalizing on an environmental enterprise, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Capitalizing on an environmental enterprise, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Journal articles
Dynamic modeling of kraft pulping of southern pine based on on-line liquor analysis, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Dynamic modeling of kraft pulping of southern pine based on on-line liquor analysis, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Journal articles
Improving softwood mechanical pulp properties with ophiostoma piliferum, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Improving softwood mechanical pulp properties with ophiostoma piliferum, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Journal articles
Bleaching of eucalyptus grandis chemimechanical pulps, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Bleaching of eucalyptus grandis chemimechanical pulps, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Journal articles
Combustion fires career of 1997 Gunnar Nicholson Gold Medalist Philip E. Schick, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Combustion fires career of 1997 gunnar nicholson gold medalist philip e. schick, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1997, Vol. 80(3)
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Black liquor evaporator upgrades— life cycle cost analysis, TAPPI Journal March 2021
ABSTRACT: Black liquor evaporation is generally the most energy intensive unit operation in a pulp and paper manufacturing facility. The black liquor evaporators can represent a third or more of the total mill steam usage, followed by the paper machine and digester. Evaporator steam economy is defined as the unit mass of steam required to evaporate a unit mass of water from black liquor (i.e., lb/lb or kg/kg.) The economy is determined by the number of effects in an evaporator train and the system configuration. Older systems use four to six effects, most of which are the long tube vertical rising film type. Newer systems may be designed with seven or even eight effects using falling film and forced circulation crystallization technology for high product solids. The median age of all North American evaporator systems is 44 years. Roughly 25% of the current North American operating systems are 54 years or older. Older systems require more periodic maintenance and have a higher risk of unplanned downtime. Also, older systems have chronic issues with persistent liquor and vapor leaks, shell wall thinning, corrosion, and plugged tubes. Often these issues worsen to the point of requiring rebuild or replacement. When considering the age, technology, and lower efficiency of older systems, a major rebuild or new system may be warranted. The intent of this paper is to review the current state of black liquor evaporator systems in North America and present a basic method for determining whether a major rebuild or new installation is warrant-ed using total life cycle cost analysis (LCCA).