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Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sized paper reversion due to oxidative photodegradation, TAPPI Journal January 2024
ABSTRACT: Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) is a sizing agent used in papermaking to increase the resistance of paper-board towards water penetration. The acquired hydrophobic property of the paper can be reversed due to the instability of the sizing agent. It is broadly known that AKD size reversion is due to migration, poor orientation, masking, or hydrolysis of the sizing agent. Unfortunately, the environmental parameters that cause this chemical instability are not well understood. Thus, the conditions that initiate or catalyze AKD size reversion and the mechanisms of AKD size reversion under different environmental conditions need to be investigated. In this study, six different experimental setups were used to investigate how temperature, daylight, fluorescent light, oxygen, and ultraviolet (UV) light affect AKD size reversion. Cobb values and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) results show that AKD size reversion is due to the degradation of the chemical in the presence of light and oxygen; temperature variations were found to accelerate reversion in the presence of light and oxygen. The oxidative photodegradation mechanism of the sizing agent is explored, and a possible mechanism is proposed.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Amphoteric dry strength chemistry approach to deal with low-quality fiber and difficult wet-end chemistry conditions in the Asian and North American markets, TAPPI Journal January 2024
ABSTRACT: With Japan’s high recycling rates and low access to fresh fiber sources, reaching strength targets in manufacturing packaging materials is a challenge. Declining quality of recycled fiber and minimal freshwater con-sumption results in difficult wet-end chemistry conditions in terms of high conductivity and elevated levels of dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS). These trends are somewhat typical of other Asian regions. Due to global trade, Asian packaging materials have become a part of the North American (NA) raw material pool. The gradual closing of mill water circuits for fresh water and energy savings results in more difficult wet-end chemistry conditions experienced in North America. China’s ban on the import of mixed paper and the consequent ban on all waste-paper imports triggered a significant price drop in recycled raw material, resulting in plans for increased manufacturing capacity in North America. Between increased demand, decreasing fiber quality, and movement towards more closed white water systems associated with packaging grade paperboard (even a virgin fiber mill uses a fair amount of recycled fiber), new methods to overcome strength reduction in raw materials must be proactively considered for North America. Reviewing the strategies currently used in the Asian industry regarding strength development is an excellent starting place for NA producers. A clear difference between Asian and NA wet-end chemistry is the dominant position of amphoteric dry strength agents. This paper reviews the fundamentals of dry strength development that explain the trend towards the increased application of amphoteric dry strength technology for poor-quality fiber and highly contaminated water circuits in Asian markets. This paper discusses the development and application perfor-mance of the novel 4th generation amphoteric polyacrylamide (AmPAM) dry strength technology, based on selected laboratory and mill case studies.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Editoral: Investing in the future: Writing and peer-reviewing for TAPPI Journal, TAPPI Journal July 2024
ABSTRACT: Those who actively participate in TAPPI realize how much there is to gain from the networking, educational resources, career development, and other opportunities that come with this involvement. One important opportunity is the ability to share your work and expertise with others in your field, and an excellent way to do this is by taking part in the TAPPI Journal peer-review process, either as an author or a reviewer or both.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Z-directional testing of paperboard in combined tensile and compression loading, TAPPI Journal May 2024
ABSTRACT: The out-of-plane properties of paperboard are important in several converting applications such as printing, sealing, creasing, and calendering. A juxtaposed tensile and compression curve in the z direction (ZD) will, however, appear to have a kink or discontinuity at 0 stress. The purpose of the present work is to capture the continuous transition between tension and compression and to increase the understanding of the complex ZD properties of paperboard by cyclic testing. In this attempt to unify the ZD tensile and compressive behavior of paperboard, samples were laminated to the testing platens using heat seal laminate film. The method for adhering the samples was compared to samples that were laminated and glued to the testing platens. The edge effects of the cutting method were evaluated in compression testing with samples not attached to the testing platens. The flat slope seen in the initial part of the pure compression curve disappeared when the samples were laminated to the testing platens. The flat slope was instead replaced by a continuous response in the transition across 0 N. The stiffness in the transition region resembled the response in tensile testing. When the testing is cycled, the material exhibits a history dependence. Starting the cycle in either compression or tensile will show an effect on the stiffness at the transition, as well as the compressive stiffness. However, the ultimate tensile strength is unaffected.
Journal articles
Influence of fines on sheet delamination in condebelt drying and recyclability of condebelt-dried linerboard, TAPPI JOURNAL, June 2003, Vol. 2(6) (158KB)
Influence of fines on sheet delamination in condebelt drying and recyclability of condebelt-dried linerboard, Solutions! & TAPPI JOURNAL, June 2003, Vol. 2(6) (158KB)
Journal articles
Evaluation of a laser-optical resin particle counter, Solutions! & TAPPI JOURNAL, March 2003, Vol. 2(3) (239KB)
Evaluation of a laser-optical resin particle counter, Solutions! & TAPPI JOURNAL, March 2003, Vol. 2(3) (239KB)
Journal articles
Application of yellowing inhibitors to improve the brightness stability of coated mechanical papers, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2003, Vol. 2(5) (195KB)
Application of yellowing inhibitors to improve the brightness stability of coated mechanical papers , Solutions! & TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2003, Vol. 2(5) (195KB)
Journal articles
Modeling coating structure development using a monte carlo deposition method part 2: validation of the model and case study, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2003, Vol. 2(5) (262KB)
Modeling coating structure development using a monte carlo deposition method part 2: validation of the model and case study, TAPPI JOURNAL, May 2003, Vol. 2(5) (262KB)
Journal articles
Fiber surface saturation as a strategy to optimize dual-poly
Fiber surface saturation as a strategy to optimize dual-polymer dry strength treatment, Solutions! & TAPPI JOURNAL, November 2003, Vol. 2(11) (156KB)
Journal articles
Ring crush and short span compression for predicting edgewis
Ring crush and short span compression for predicting edgewise compressive strength, Solutions! & TAPPI JOURNAL, November 2003, Vol. 2(11) (113KB)