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Magazine articles
Open Access
Employee commitment, involvement key to future for jack creighton, weyerhaeuser's ceo, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1997, Vol. 80(9)

Employee commitment, involvement key to future for jack creighton, weyerhaeuser's ceo, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1997, Vol. 80(9)

Journal articles
Open Access
Newsprint from the perspective of a press manufacturer, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1997, Vol. 80(9)

Newsprint from the perspective of a press manufacturer, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1997, Vol. 80(9)

Journal articles
Open Access
On-line zeta potential analyses of a fine paper machine and a newsprint paper machine, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1995, Vol. 78(3)

On-line zeta potential analyses of a fine paper machine and a newsprint paper machine, TAPPI JOURNAL, March 1995, Vol. 78(3)

Journal articles
Open Access
Philadelphia conference puts papermakers in action, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

Philadelphia conference puts papermakers in action, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
On-line sensors getting smarter and smarter, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

On-line sensors getting smarter and smarter, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
Maryvale: A giant among Australia's paper producers, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

Maryvale: a giant among australia's paper producers, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
Public perceptions of the pulp and paper industry, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

Public perceptions of the pulp and paper industry, TAPPI JOURNAL, October 1996, Vol. 79(10)

Journal articles
Open Access
Boyer modernizations improve production and transport systems, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1996, Vol. 79(9)

Boyer modernizations improve production and transport systems, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1996, Vol. 79(9)

Journal articles
Open Access
A stop at AP's Burnie Mill, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1996, Vol. 79(9)

A stop at ap's burnie mill, TAPPI JOURNAL, September 1996, Vol. 79(9)

Journal articles
Magazine articles
Open Access
Black liquor evaporators upgrade — How many effects?, TAPPI Journal April 2023

ABSTRACT: Black liquor evaporation is generally the most energy intensive unit operation in a pulp and paper manufacturing facility. The black liquor evaporators can represent a third or more of the total mill steam usage, followed by the paper machine and digester. When considering an evaporator rebuild or a new system, the key design question is how many effects to include in the system. The number of effects is the main design feature that deter-mines the economy of the system and the steam usage for a given evaporation capacity. A higher number of effects increases steam economy and reduces energy cost to a point, but additional effects also have higher initial capital cost and increased power costs. This research paper uses life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) as a method to determine the optimum number of evaporator effects for a new evaporator system. The same basic principles and method can also apply to existing evaporator rebuild projects.

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